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Add to Edge3DMASC: Accessible, explainable 3D point clouds classification. Application to Bi-spectral Topo-bathymetric lidar data
Jan 15, 2024
Three-dimensional data have become increasingly present in earth observation over the last decades. However, many 3D surveys are still underexploited due to the lack of accessible and explainable automatic classification methods, for example, new topo-bathymetric lidar data. In this work, we introduce explainable machine learning for 3D data classification using Multiple Attributes, Scales, and Clouds under 3DMASC, a new workflow. This workflow introduces multi-cloud classification through dual-cloud features, encrypting local spectral and geometrical ratios and differences. 3DMASC uses classical multi-scale descriptors adapted to all types of 3D point clouds and new ones based on their spatial variations. In this paper, we present the performances of 3DMASC for multi-class classification of topo-bathymetric lidar data in coastal and fluvial environments. We show how multivariate and embedded feature selection allows the building of optimized predictor sets of reduced complexity, and we identify features particularly relevant for coastal and riverine scene descriptions. Our results show the importance of dual-cloud features, lidar return-based attributes averaged over specific scales, and of statistics of dimensionality-based and spectral features. Additionally, they indicate that small to medium spherical neighbourhood diameters (<7 m) are sufficient to build effective classifiers, namely when combined with distance-to-ground or distance-to-water-surface features. Without using optional RGB information, and with a maximum of 37 descriptors, we obtain classification accuracies between 91 % for complex multi-class tasks and 98 % for lower-level processing using models trained on less than 2000 samples per class. Comparisons with classical point cloud classification methods show that 3DMASC features have a significantly improved descriptive power. Our contributions are made available through a plugin in the CloudCompare software, allowing non-specialist users to create classifiers for any type of 3D data characterized by 1 or 2 point clouds (airborne or terrestrial lidar, structure from motion), and two labelled topo-bathymetric lidar datasets, available on https://opentopography.org/.
Weakly supervised marine animal detection from remote sensing images using vector-quantized variational autoencoder
Jul 13, 2023
This paper studies a reconstruction-based approach for weakly-supervised animal detection from aerial images in marine environments. Such an approach leverages an anomaly detection framework that computes metrics directly on the input space, enhancing interpretability and anomaly localization compared to feature embedding methods. Building upon the success of Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoders in anomaly detection on computer vision datasets, we adapt them to the marine animal detection domain and address the challenge of handling noisy data. To evaluate our approach, we compare it with existing methods in the context of marine animal detection from aerial image data. Experiments conducted on two dedicated datasets demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method over recent studies in the literature. Our framework offers improved interpretability and localization of anomalies, providing valuable insights for monitoring marine ecosystems and mitigating the impact of human activities on marine animals.
Multimodal Object Detection in Remote Sensing
Jul 13, 2023
Object detection in remote sensing is a crucial computer vision task that has seen significant advancements with deep learning techniques. However, most existing works in this area focus on the use of generic object detection and do not leverage the potential of multimodal data fusion. In this paper, we present a comparison of methods for multimodal object detection in remote sensing, survey available multimodal datasets suitable for evaluation, and discuss future directions.
A Deep Active Contour Model for Delineating Glacier Calving Fronts
Jul 07, 2023
Choosing how to encode a real-world problem as a machine learning task is an important design decision in machine learning. The task of glacier calving front modeling has often been approached as a semantic segmentation task. Recent studies have shown that combining segmentation with edge detection can improve the accuracy of calving front detectors. Building on this observation, we completely rephrase the task as a contour tracing problem and propose a model for explicit contour detection that does not incorporate any dense predictions as intermediate steps. The proposed approach, called ``Charting Outlines by Recurrent Adaptation'' (COBRA), combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for feature extraction and active contour models for the delineation. By training and evaluating on several large-scale datasets of Greenland's outlet glaciers, we show that this approach indeed outperforms the aforementioned methods based on segmentation and edge-detection. Finally, we demonstrate that explicit contour detection has benefits over pixel-wise methods when quantifying the models' prediction uncertainties. The project page containing the code and animated model predictions can be found at \url{https://khdlr.github.io/COBRA/}.
DC3DCD: unsupervised learning for multiclass 3D point cloud change detection
May 09, 2023
In a constant evolving world, change detection is of prime importance to keep updated maps. To better sense areas with complex geometry (urban areas in particular), considering 3D data appears to be an interesting alternative to classical 2D images. In this context, 3D point clouds (PCs) obtained by LiDAR or photogrammetry are very interesting. While recent studies showed the considerable benefit of using deep learning-based methods to detect and characterize changes into raw 3D PCs, these studies rely on large annotated training data to obtain accurate results. The collection of these annotations are tricky and time-consuming. The availability of unsupervised or weakly supervised approaches is then of prime interest. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised method, called DeepCluster 3D Change Detection (DC3DCD), to detect and categorize multiclass changes at point level. We classify our approach in the unsupervised family given the fact that we extract in a completely unsupervised way a number of clusters associated with potential changes. Let us precise that in the end of the process, the user has only to assign a label to each of these clusters to derive the final change map. Our method builds upon the DeepCluster approach, originally designed for image classification, to handle complex raw 3D PCs and perform change segmentation task. An assessment of the method on both simulated and real public dataset is provided. The proposed method allows to outperform fully-supervised traditional machine learning algorithm and to be competitive with fully-supervised deep learning networks applied on rasterization of 3D PCs with a mean of IoU over classes of change of 57.06% and 66.69% for the simulated and the real datasets, respectively.
Deep Unsupervised Learning for 3D ALS Point Clouds Change Detection
May 05, 2023
Change detection from traditional optical images has limited capability to model the changes in the height or shape of objects. Change detection using 3D point cloud aerial LiDAR survey data can fill this gap by providing critical depth information. While most existing machine learning based 3D point cloud change detection methods are supervised, they severely depend on the availability of annotated training data, which is in practice a critical point. To circumnavigate this dependence, we propose an unsupervised 3D point cloud change detection method mainly based on self-supervised learning using deep clustering and contrastive learning. The proposed method also relies on an adaptation of deep change vector analysis to 3D point cloud via nearest point comparison. Experiments conducted on a publicly available real dataset show that the proposed method obtains higher performance in comparison to the traditional unsupervised methods, with a gain of about 9% in mean accuracy (to reach more than 85%). Thus, it appears to be a relevant choice in scenario where prior knowledge (labels) is not ensured.
Change detection needs change information: improving deep 3D point cloud change detection
Apr 25, 2023
Change detection is an important task to rapidly identify modified areas, in particular when multi-temporal data are concerned. In landscapes with complex geometry such as urban environment, vertical information turn out to be a very useful knowledge not only to highlight changes but also to classify them into different categories. In this paper, we focus on change segmentation directly using raw 3D point clouds (PCs), to avoid any loss of information due to rasterization processes. While deep learning has recently proved its effectiveness for this particular task by encoding the information through Siamese networks, we investigate here the idea of also using change information in early steps of deep networks. To do this, we first propose to provide the Siamese KPConv State-of-The-Art (SoTA) network with hand-crafted features and especially a change-related one. This improves the mean of Intersection over Union (IoU) over classes of change by 4.70\%. Considering that the major improvement was obtained thanks to the change-related feature, we propose three new architectures to address 3D PCs change segmentation: OneConvFusion, Triplet KPConv, and Encoder Fusion SiamKPConv. All the three networks take into account change information in early steps and outperform SoTA methods. In particular, the last network, entitled Encoder Fusion SiamKPConv, overtakes SoTA with more than 5% of mean of IoU over classes of change emphasizing the value of having the network focus on change information for change detection task.
Learning Digital Terrain Models from Point Clouds: ALS2DTM Dataset and Rasterization-based GAN
Jun 08, 2022
Despite the popularity of deep neural networks in various domains, the extraction of digital terrain models (DTMs) from airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds is still challenging. This might be due to the lack of dedicated large-scale annotated dataset and the data-structure discrepancy between point clouds and DTMs. To promote data-driven DTM extraction, this paper collects from open sources a large-scale dataset of ALS point clouds and corresponding DTMs with various urban, forested, and mountainous scenes. A baseline method is proposed as the first attempt to train a Deep neural network to extract digital Terrain models directly from ALS point clouds via Rasterization techniques, coined DeepTerRa. Extensive studies with well-established methods are performed to benchmark the dataset and analyze the challenges in learning to extract DTM from point clouds. The experimental results show the interest of the agnostic data-driven approach, with sub-metric error level compared to methods designed for DTM extraction. The data and source code is provided at https://lhoangan.github.io/deepterra/ for reproducibility and further similar research.
Detection of Degraded Acacia tree species using deep neural networks on uav drone imagery
Apr 14, 2022
Deep-learning-based image classification and object detection has been applied successfully to tree monitoring. However, studies of tree crowns and fallen trees, especially on flood inundated areas, remain largely unexplored. Detection of degraded tree trunks on natural environments such as water, mudflats, and natural vegetated areas is challenging due to the mixed colour image backgrounds. In this paper, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, with embedded RGB cameras were used to capture the fallen Acacia Xanthophloea trees from six designated plots around Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Motivated by the need to detect fallen trees around the lake, two well-established deep neural networks, i.e. Faster Region-based Convolution Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) and Retina-Net were used for fallen tree detection. A total of 7,590 annotations of three classes on 256 x 256 image patches were used for this study. Experimental results show the relevance of deep learning in this context, with Retina-Net model achieving 38.9% precision and 57.9% recall.
CroCo: Cross-Modal Contrastive learning for localization of Earth Observation data
Apr 14, 2022
It is of interest to localize a ground-based LiDAR point cloud on remote sensing imagery. In this work, we tackle a subtask of this problem, i.e. to map a digital elevation model (DEM) rasterized from aerial LiDAR point cloud on the aerial imagery. We proposed a contrastive learning-based method that trains on DEM and high-resolution optical imagery and experiment the framework on different data sampling strategies and hyperparameters. In the best scenario, the Top-1 score of 0.71 and Top-5 score of 0.81 are obtained. The proposed method is promising for feature learning from RGB and DEM for localization and is potentially applicable to other data sources too. Source code will be released at https://github.com/wtseng530/AVLocalization.