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An FPGA-Based Accelerator Enabling Efficient Support for CNNs with Arbitrary Kernel Sizes
Feb 22, 2024
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with large kernels, drawing inspiration from the key operations of vision transformers (ViTs), have demonstrated impressive performance in various vision-based applications. To address the issue of computational efficiency degradation in existing designs for supporting large-kernel convolutions, an FPGA-based inference accelerator is proposed for the efficient deployment of CNNs with arbitrary kernel sizes. Firstly, a Z-flow method is presented to optimize the computing data flow by maximizing data reuse opportunity. Besides, the proposed design, incorporating the kernel-segmentation (Kseg) scheme, enables extended support for large-kernel convolutions, significantly reducing the storage requirements for overlapped data. Moreover, based on the analysis of typical block structures in emerging CNNs, vertical-fused (VF) and horizontal-fused (HF) methods are developed to optimize CNN deployments from both computation and transmission perspectives. The proposed hardware accelerator, evaluated on Intel Arria 10 FPGA, achieves up to 3.91 times better DSP efficiency than prior art on the same network. Particularly, it demonstrates efficient support for large-kernel CNNs, achieving throughputs of 169.68 GOPS and 244.55 GOPS for RepLKNet-31 and PyConvResNet-50, respectively, both of which are implemented on hardware for the first time.
A Precision-Scalable RISC-V DNN Processor with On-Device Learning Capability at the Extreme Edge
Sep 15, 2023
Extreme edge platforms, such as in-vehicle smart devices, require efficient deployment of quantized deep neural networks (DNNs) to enable intelligent applications with limited amounts of energy, memory, and computing resources. However, many edge devices struggle to boost inference throughput of various quantized DNNs due to the varying quantization levels, and these devices lack floating-point (FP) support for on-device learning, which prevents them from improving model accuracy while ensuring data privacy. To tackle the challenges above, we propose a precision-scalable RISC-V DNN processor with on-device learning capability. It facilitates diverse precision levels of fixed-point DNN inference, spanning from 2-bit to 16-bit, and enhances on-device learning through improved support with FP16 operations. Moreover, we employ multiple methods such as FP16 multiplier reuse and multi-precision integer multiplier reuse, along with balanced mapping of FPGA resources, to significantly improve hardware resource utilization. Experimental results on the Xilinx ZCU102 FPGA show that our processor significantly improves inference throughput by 1.6$\sim$14.6$\times$ and energy efficiency by 1.1$\sim$14.6$\times$ across various DNNs, compared to the prior art, XpulpNN. Additionally, our processor achieves a 16.5$\times$ higher FP throughput for on-device learning.
ControlRetriever: Harnessing the Power of Instructions for Controllable Retrieval
Aug 19, 2023
Recent studies have shown that dense retrieval models, lacking dedicated training data, struggle to perform well across diverse retrieval tasks, as different retrieval tasks often entail distinct search intents. To address this challenge, in this work we introduce ControlRetriever, a generic and efficient approach with a parameter isolated architecture, capable of controlling dense retrieval models to directly perform varied retrieval tasks, harnessing the power of instructions that explicitly describe retrieval intents in natural language. Leveraging the foundation of ControlNet, which has proven powerful in text-to-image generation, ControlRetriever imbues different retrieval models with the new capacity of controllable retrieval, all while being guided by task-specific instructions. Furthermore, we propose a novel LLM guided Instruction Synthesizing and Iterative Training strategy, which iteratively tunes ControlRetriever based on extensive automatically-generated retrieval data with diverse instructions by capitalizing the advancement of large language models. Extensive experiments show that in the BEIR benchmark, with only natural language descriptions of specific retrieval intent for each task, ControlRetriever, as a unified multi-task retrieval system without task-specific tuning, significantly outperforms baseline methods designed with task-specific retrievers and also achieves state-of-the-art zero-shot performance.
Global Structure Knowledge-Guided Relation Extraction Method for Visually-Rich Document
May 23, 2023
Visual relation extraction (VRE) aims to extract relations between entities from visuallyrich documents. Existing methods usually predict relations for each entity pair independently based on entity features but ignore the global structure information, i.e., dependencies between entity pairs. The absence of global structure information may make the model struggle to learn long-range relations and easily predict conflicted results. To alleviate such limitations, we propose a GlObal Structure knowledgeguided relation Extraction (GOSE) framework, which captures dependencies between entity pairs in an iterative manner. Given a scanned image of the document, GOSE firstly generates preliminary relation predictions on entity pairs. Secondly, it mines global structure knowledge based on prediction results of the previous iteration and further incorporates global structure knowledge into entity representations. This "generate-capture-incorporate" schema is performed multiple times so that entity representations and global structure knowledge can mutually reinforce each other. Extensive experiments show that GOSE not only outperforms previous methods on the standard fine-tuning setting but also shows promising superiority in cross-lingual learning; even yields stronger data-efficient performance in the low-resource setting.
Meta-augmented Prompt Tuning for Better Few-shot Learning
Mar 28, 2023
Prompt tuning is a parameter-efficient method, which freezes all PLM parameters and only prepends some additional tunable tokens called soft prompts to the input text. However, soft prompts heavily rely on a better initialization and may easily result in overfitting under few-shot settings, which causes prompt-tuning performing much worse than fine-tuning. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a novel Self-sUpervised Meta-prompt learning framework with MEtagradient Regularization for few shot generalization (SUMMER). We leverage self-supervised meta-learning to better initialize soft prompts and curriculum-based task augmentation is further proposed to enrich the meta-task distribution. Besides, a novel meta-gradient regularization method is integrated into the meta-prompt learning framework, which meta-learns to transform the raw gradient during few-shot learning into a domain-generalizable direction, thus alleviating the problem of overfitting. Extensive experiments show that SUMMER achieves better performance for different few-shot downstream tasks, and also exhibits a stronger domain generalization ability.
Fast and Accurate FSA System Using ELBERT: An Efficient and Lightweight BERT
Dec 06, 2022
With the development of deep learning and Transformer-based pre-trained models like BERT, the accuracy of many NLP tasks has been dramatically improved. However, the large number of parameters and computations also pose challenges for their deployment. For instance, using BERT can improve the predictions in the financial sentiment analysis (FSA) task but slow it down, where speed and accuracy are equally important in terms of profits. To address these issues, we first propose an efficient and lightweight BERT (ELBERT) along with a novel confidence-window-based (CWB) early exit mechanism. Based on ELBERT, an innovative method to accelerate text processing on the GPU platform is developed, solving the difficult problem of making the early exit mechanism work more effectively with a large input batch size. Afterward, a fast and high-accuracy FSA system is built. Experimental results show that the proposed CWB early exit mechanism achieves significantly higher accuracy than existing early exit methods on BERT under the same computation cost. By using this acceleration method, our FSA system can boost the processing speed by nearly 40 times to over 1000 texts per second with sufficient accuracy, which is nearly twice as fast as FastBERT, thus providing a more powerful text processing capability for modern trading systems.
Accelerate Three-Dimensional Generative Adversarial Networks Using Fast Algorithm
Oct 18, 2022
Three-dimensional generative adversarial networks (3D-GAN) have attracted widespread attention in three-dimension (3D) visual tasks. 3D deconvolution (DeConv), as an important computation of 3D-GAN, significantly increases computational complexity compared with 2D DeConv. 3D DeConv has become a bottleneck for the acceleration of 3D-GAN. Previous accelerators suffer from several problems, such as large memory requirements and resource underutilization. To handle the above issues, a fast algorithm for 3D DeConv (F3DC) is proposed in this paper. F3DC applies a fast algorithm to reduce the number of multiplications and achieves a significant algorithmic strength reduction. Besides, F3DC removes the extra memory requirement for overlapped partial sums and avoids computational imbalance to fully utilize resources. Moreover, we design an F3DC-based hardware architecture, which consists of four fast processing units (FPUs). Each FPU includes a pre-process module, a EWMM module and a post-process module for F3DC transformation. By implementing our design on the Xilinx VC709 platform for 3D-GAN, we achieve a throughput up to 1700 GOPS and 4$\times$ computational efficiency improvement compared with prior works.
An Efficient FPGA Accelerator for Point Cloud
Oct 14, 2022
Deep learning-based point cloud processing plays an important role in various vision tasks, such as autonomous driving, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR). The submanifold sparse convolutional network (SSCN) has been widely used for the point cloud due to its unique advantages in terms of visual results. However, existing convolutional neural network accelerators suffer from non-trivial performance degradation when employed to accelerate SSCN because of the extreme and unstructured sparsity, and the complex computational dependency between the sparsity of the central activation and the neighborhood ones. In this paper, we propose a high performance FPGA-based accelerator for SSCN. Firstly, we develop a zero removing strategy to remove the coarse-grained redundant regions, thus significantly improving computational efficiency. Secondly, we propose a concise encoding scheme to obtain the matching information for efficient point-wise multiplications. Thirdly, we develop a sparse data matching unit and a computing core based on the proposed encoding scheme, which can convert the irregular sparse operations into regular multiply-accumulate operations. Finally, an efficient hardware architecture for the submanifold sparse convolutional layer is developed and implemented on the Xilinx ZCU102 field-programmable gate array board, where the 3D submanifold sparse U-Net is taken as the benchmark. The experimental results demonstrate that our design drastically improves computational efficiency, and can dramatically improve the power efficiency by 51 times compared to GPU.
Research on Stable Obstacle Avoidance Control Strategy for Tracked Intelligent Transportation Vehicles in Non-structural Environment Based on Deep Learning
Jul 30, 2022
Existing intelligent driving technology often has a problem in balancing smooth driving and fast obstacle avoidance, especially when the vehicle is in a non-structural environment, and is prone to instability in emergency situations. Therefore, this study proposed an autonomous obstacle avoidance control strategy that can effectively guarantee vehicle stability based on Attention-long short-term memory (Attention-LSTM) deep learning model with the idea of humanoid driving. First, we designed the autonomous obstacle avoidance control rules to guarantee the safety of unmanned vehicles. Second, we improved the autonomous obstacle avoidance control strategy combined with the stability analysis of special vehicles. Third, we constructed a deep learning obstacle avoidance control through experiments, and the average relative error of this system was 15%. Finally, the stability and accuracy of this control strategy were verified numerically and experimentally. The method proposed in this study can ensure that the unmanned vehicle can successfully avoid the obstacles while driving smoothly.
Data-Driven Thermal Modelling for Anomaly Detection in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Jul 12, 2022
The rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) sector is giving rise to many infrastructural challenges. One such challenge is its requirement for the widespread development of EV charging stations which must be able to provide large amounts of power in an on-demand basis. This can cause large stresses on the electrical and electronic components of the charging infrastructure - negatively affecting its reliability as well as leading to increased maintenance and operation costs. This paper proposes a human-interpretable data-driven method for anomaly detection in EV charging stations, aiming to provide information for the condition monitoring and predictive maintenance of power converters within such a station. To this end, a model of a high-efficiency EV charging station is used to simulate the thermal behaviour of EV charger power converter modules, creating a data set for the training of neural network models. These machine learning models are then employed for the identification of anomalous performance.
* Published in: 2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC)