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Don't Blame the Data, Blame the Model: Understanding Noise and Bias When Learning from Subjective Annotations
Mar 06, 2024
Researchers have raised awareness about the harms of aggregating labels especially in subjective tasks that naturally contain disagreements among human annotators. In this work we show that models that are only provided aggregated labels show low confidence on high-disagreement data instances. While previous studies consider such instances as mislabeled, we argue that the reason the high-disagreement text instances have been hard-to-learn is that the conventional aggregated models underperform in extracting useful signals from subjective tasks. Inspired by recent studies demonstrating the effectiveness of learning from raw annotations, we investigate classifying using Multiple Ground Truth (Multi-GT) approaches. Our experiments show an improvement of confidence for the high-disagreement instances.
How Susceptible are Large Language Models to Ideological Manipulation?
Feb 22, 2024Large Language Models (LLMs) possess the potential to exert substantial influence on public perceptions and interactions with information. This raises concerns about the societal impact that could arise if the ideologies within these models can be easily manipulated. In this work, we investigate how effectively LLMs can learn and generalize ideological biases from their instruction-tuning data. Our findings reveal a concerning vulnerability: exposure to only a small amount of ideologically driven samples significantly alters the ideology of LLMs. Notably, LLMs demonstrate a startling ability to absorb ideology from one topic and generalize it to even unrelated ones. The ease with which LLMs' ideologies can be skewed underscores the risks associated with intentionally poisoned training data by malicious actors or inadvertently introduced biases by data annotators. It also emphasizes the imperative for robust safeguards to mitigate the influence of ideological manipulations on LLMs.
Whose Emotions and Moral Sentiments Do Language Models Reflect?
Feb 16, 2024Language models (LMs) are known to represent the perspectives of some social groups better than others, which may impact their performance, especially on subjective tasks such as content moderation and hate speech detection. To explore how LMs represent different perspectives, existing research focused on positional alignment, i.e., how closely the models mimic the opinions and stances of different groups, e.g., liberals or conservatives. However, human communication also encompasses emotional and moral dimensions. We define the problem of affective alignment, which measures how LMs' emotional and moral tone represents those of different groups. By comparing the affect of responses generated by 36 LMs to the affect of Twitter messages, we observe significant misalignment of LMs with both ideological groups. This misalignment is larger than the partisan divide in the U.S. Even after steering the LMs towards specific ideological perspectives, the misalignment and liberal tendencies of the model persist, suggesting a systemic bias within LMs.
Reading Between the Tweets: Deciphering Ideological Stances of Interconnected Mixed-Ideology Communities
Feb 02, 2024Recent advances in NLP have improved our ability to understand the nuanced worldviews of online communities. Existing research focused on probing ideological stances treats liberals and conservatives as separate groups. However, this fails to account for the nuanced views of the organically formed online communities and the connections between them. In this paper, we study discussions of the 2020 U.S. election on Twitter to identify complex interacting communities. Capitalizing on this interconnectedness, we introduce a novel approach that harnesses message passing when finetuning language models (LMs) to probe the nuanced ideologies of these communities. By comparing the responses generated by LMs and real-world survey results, our method shows higher alignment than existing baselines, highlighting the potential of using LMs in revealing complex ideologies within and across interconnected mixed-ideology communities.
Characterizing Online Eating Disorder Communities with Large Language Models
Jan 17, 2024The rise in eating disorders, a dangerous mental health condition with high mortality and morbidity, has been linked to the proliferation of idealized body images on social media. However, the link between social media and eating disorders is far more complex. We argue that social media platforms create a feedback loop that amplifies the growth of content and communities that promote eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia. Specifically, social media platforms make it easy for vulnerable individuals to find and connect to like-minded others, while group dynamic processes encourage them to stay engaged within communities that promote and glorify harmful behaviors linked to eating disorders. We characterize this dynamic empirically through a combination of network and language analysis. We describe a novel framework that leverages large language models to analyze the discourse within online communities and probe their attitudes on topics related to eating disorders to identify potentially harmful content. Our work emphasizes the need for better social media moderation to disrupt harmful feedback loops and protect vulnerable individuals.
Inducing Political Bias Allows Language Models Anticipate Partisan Reactions to Controversies
Nov 16, 2023Social media platforms are rife with politically charged discussions. Therefore, accurately deciphering and predicting partisan biases using Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly critical. In this study, we address the challenge of understanding political bias in digitized discourse using LLMs. While traditional approaches often rely on finetuning separate models for each political faction, our work innovates by employing a singular, instruction-tuned LLM to reflect a spectrum of political ideologies. We present a comprehensive analytical framework, consisting of Partisan Bias Divergence Assessment and Partisan Class Tendency Prediction, to evaluate the model's alignment with real-world political ideologies in terms of stances, emotions, and moral foundations. Our findings reveal the model's effectiveness in capturing emotional and moral nuances, albeit with some challenges in stance detection, highlighting the intricacies and potential for refinement in NLP tools for politically sensitive contexts. This research contributes significantly to the field by demonstrating the feasibility and importance of nuanced political understanding in LLMs, particularly for applications requiring acute awareness of political bias.
CPL-NoViD: Context-Aware Prompt-based Learning for Norm Violation Detection in Online Communities
May 18, 2023
Detecting norm violations in online communities is critical to maintaining healthy and safe spaces for online discussions. Existing machine learning approaches often struggle to adapt to the diverse rules and interpretations across different communities due to the inherent challenges of fine-tuning models for such context-specific tasks. In this paper, we introduce Context-aware Prompt-based Learning for Norm Violation Detection (CPL-NoViD), a novel method that employs prompt-based learning to detect norm violations across various types of rules. CPL-NoViD outperforms the baseline by incorporating context through natural language prompts and demonstrates improved performance across different rule types. Significantly, it not only excels in cross-rule-type and cross-community norm violation detection but also exhibits adaptability in few-shot learning scenarios. Most notably, it establishes a new state-of-the-art in norm violation detection, surpassing existing benchmarks. Our work highlights the potential of prompt-based learning for context-sensitive norm violation detection and paves the way for future research on more adaptable, context-aware models to better support online community moderators.
RECAP: Retrieval Augmented Music Captioner
Dec 21, 2022
With the prevalence of stream media platforms serving music search and recommendation, interpreting music by understanding audio and lyrics interactively has become an important and challenging task. However, many previous works focus on refining individual components of encoder-decoder architecture mapping music to caption tokens, ignoring the potential usage of audio and lyrics correspondence. In this paper, we propose to explicitly learn the multi-modal alignment with retrieval augmentation by contrastive learning. By learning audio-lyrics correspondence, the model is guided to learn better cross-modal attention weights, thus generating high-quality caption words. We provide both theoretical and empirical results that demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method.
Anger Breeds Controversy: Analyzing Controversy and Emotions on Reddit
Dec 01, 2022
Emotions play an important role in interpersonal interactions and social conflict, yet their function in the development of controversy and disagreement in online conversations has not been explored. To address this gap, we study controversy on Reddit, a popular network of online discussion forums. We collect discussions from a wide variety of topical forums and use emotion detection to recognize a range of emotions from text, including anger, fear, joy, admiration, etc. Our study has three main findings. First, controversial comments express more anger and less admiration, joy and optimism than non-controversial comments. Second, controversial comments affect emotions of downstream comments in a discussion, usually resulting in long-term increase in anger and a decrease in positive emotions, although the magnitude and direction of emotional change depends on the forum. Finally, we show that emotions help better predict which comments will become controversial. Understanding emotional dynamics of online discussions can help communities to better manage conversations.
Infusing Knowledge from Wikipedia to Enhance Stance Detection
Apr 08, 2022
Stance detection infers a text author's attitude towards a target. This is challenging when the model lacks background knowledge about the target. Here, we show how background knowledge from Wikipedia can help enhance the performance on stance detection. We introduce Wikipedia Stance Detection BERT (WS-BERT) that infuses the knowledge into stance encoding. Extensive results on three benchmark datasets covering social media discussions and online debates indicate that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on target-specific stance detection, cross-target stance detection, and zero/few-shot stance detection.